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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
مجرم بعادت
The introduction of suspended sentences of imprisonment in Norway in 1894 was an indication of his immediate influence in this region, as were the provisions for the indefinite imprisonment of habitual criminals in that country's 1902 penal code, drawn up largely by Getz, himself a member of the IUPL (Stang Dahl, 1985).
Swedish legislation in 1927 and 1937 thus provided 'custodial care' for 'mentally abnormal' offenders and 'internment' for habitual criminals.
As with the Nordic societies, so in the Anglophone: criminals began to be classified by type: Havelock Ellis (1890: 1-21), for example, distinguished between 'the political criminal; . . . the criminal by passion; . . . the instinctive criminal; the occasional criminal . . . and the habitual criminal or the professional criminal'.
This sanction was introduced for recidivists in New South Wales (1905) and New Zealand (1906) in habitual criminals' legislation.
The Court of Appeal in R v Sullivan (1913, our italics)29 recognized that 'it was necessary in the interests of the prisoner that very watchful care should be exercised by this court and also by those who preside over trials in which a prisoner is charged with being a habitual criminal, to see that the prisoner's interests are jealously safeguarded'.
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